What is the pharmacological treatment of left ventricular systolic dysfunction ? • Diuretics for symptomatic patients to maintain appropriate fluid balance. • For patients with systolic dysfunction (EF <40%) who have no contraindications: -ACE inhibitors for all patients. - Beta-blockers for all patients except those who are haemodynamically unstable or who are intolerant. - Spironolactone for patients with rest dyspnoea or with a history of rest dypnoea. -Digoxin both for patients who remain symptomatic despite diuretics, ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers and patients with rest dyspnoea or who have a history of rest dyspnoea.
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